Arabic

Arabic is a name for what are generally viewed as the relatives of the Classical Arabic dialect of the sixth century. This incorporates both theliterary dialect and assortments of Arabic talked in a wide curve of region, extending over the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Arabic has a place with the Afro-Asiatic gang. 

The artistic dialect is called Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic, which is a pluricentric, fusional dialect. It is right now the main authority type of Arabic, utilized within most composed reports and also in formal talked events, for example, addresses and news shows. On the other hand, this changes from one nation to the next. Moroccan Arabic was official inmorocco for quite a while, before the recent country joined the Arab League. 

Arabic dialects are Central Semitic dialects, most nearly identified with Aramaic, Hebrew, Ugaritic and Phoenician. The institutionalized composed Arabic is unique from and more moderate than the greater part of the talked mixed bags, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, utilized side-by-side for diverse societal capacities. 

A portion of the talked assortments are commonly muddled, both composed and orally, and the mixtures in general constitute a sociolinguistic dialect. This implies that on absolutely phonetic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one dialect, yet are normally gathered together as a solitary dialect for political and/or religious reasons. In the event that considered numerous dialects, it is hazy what number of dialects there would be, as the talked mixtures structure a vernacular chain with no acceptable limits. In the event that Arabic is viewed as a solitary dialect, it maybe is talked by upwards of 420 million speakers in the Arab world, making it one of the about six most crowded dialects on the planet. On the off chance that considered separate dialects, the most-talked mixture would undoubtedly be Egyptian Arabic, with 54 million local speakers still more noteworthy than whatever other Afro-Asiatic dialect. Arabic likewise is a formal dialect of 1.6 billion Muslim speakers. It is one of six authority dialects of the United Nations.

Muslim invasion of Egypt

After the Muslim invasion of Egypt in 641, Rashidun commander Amr ibn al-As set up Fustat just north of Coptic Cairo. At Caliph Umar's demand, the Egyptian capital was shifted from Alexandria to the new city on the eastern side of the Nile.

The reach of the Umayyads was wide, extending from western Spain all the way to eastern China. However, they were conquered by the Abbasids, who moved the capital of the Umayyad Empire itself to Baghdad. In Egypt, this shift in power engaged moving control from the Umayyad city of al-Fustat slightly north to the Abbasid city of al-‘Askar. Its full name was مدينة العسكري Madinatu l-‘

Askari "City of Cantonments" or "City of Sections". Planned primarily as a city large enough to house an army, it was laid out in a grid pattern that could be easily subdivided into separate sections for different groups such as merchants and officers.

The crest of the Abbasid dynasty happened during the reign of Harun al Rashid, together with increased taxes on the Egyptians, who emerged in a peasant revolt in 832 during the time of Caliph al-Ma'mun. Local Egyptian governors gained rising autonomy, and in 870, governor Ahmad ibn Tulun declared Egypt's independence (though still under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph). As a symbol of this self-government, in 868 ibn Tulun founded yet another capital, al-Qatta'i, a little further north of al-‘Askar. The capital remained there until 905, until the city was shattered, and the administrative capital of Egypt then returned to al-Fusṭāṭ.

Al-Fusṭāṭ itself was destroyed by a vizier-ordered fire that burned from 1168 to 1169, at which time the capital shifted to almost al-Qāhirah (Cairo), where it has stayed to this day. Cairo's bounds grew to ultimately include the three earlier capitals of al-Fusṭāṭ, al-Qatta'i and al-‘Askar