Arabic

Arabic is a name for what are generally viewed as the relatives of the Classical Arabic dialect of the sixth century. This incorporates both theliterary dialect and assortments of Arabic talked in a wide curve of region, extending over the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Arabic has a place with the Afro-Asiatic gang. 

The artistic dialect is called Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic, which is a pluricentric, fusional dialect. It is right now the main authority type of Arabic, utilized within most composed reports and also in formal talked events, for example, addresses and news shows. On the other hand, this changes from one nation to the next. Moroccan Arabic was official inmorocco for quite a while, before the recent country joined the Arab League. 

Arabic dialects are Central Semitic dialects, most nearly identified with Aramaic, Hebrew, Ugaritic and Phoenician. The institutionalized composed Arabic is unique from and more moderate than the greater part of the talked mixed bags, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, utilized side-by-side for diverse societal capacities. 

A portion of the talked assortments are commonly muddled, both composed and orally, and the mixtures in general constitute a sociolinguistic dialect. This implies that on absolutely phonetic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one dialect, yet are normally gathered together as a solitary dialect for political and/or religious reasons. In the event that considered numerous dialects, it is hazy what number of dialects there would be, as the talked mixtures structure a vernacular chain with no acceptable limits. In the event that Arabic is viewed as a solitary dialect, it maybe is talked by upwards of 420 million speakers in the Arab world, making it one of the about six most crowded dialects on the planet. On the off chance that considered separate dialects, the most-talked mixture would undoubtedly be Egyptian Arabic, with 54 million local speakers still more noteworthy than whatever other Afro-Asiatic dialect. Arabic likewise is a formal dialect of 1.6 billion Muslim speakers. It is one of six authority dialects of the United Nations.

Muslim invasion of Egypt

After the Muslim invasion of Egypt in 641, Rashidun commander Amr ibn al-As set up Fustat just north of Coptic Cairo. At Caliph Umar's demand, the Egyptian capital was shifted from Alexandria to the new city on the eastern side of the Nile.

The reach of the Umayyads was wide, extending from western Spain all the way to eastern China. However, they were conquered by the Abbasids, who moved the capital of the Umayyad Empire itself to Baghdad. In Egypt, this shift in power engaged moving control from the Umayyad city of al-Fustat slightly north to the Abbasid city of al-‘Askar. Its full name was مدينة العسكري Madinatu l-‘

Askari "City of Cantonments" or "City of Sections". Planned primarily as a city large enough to house an army, it was laid out in a grid pattern that could be easily subdivided into separate sections for different groups such as merchants and officers.

The crest of the Abbasid dynasty happened during the reign of Harun al Rashid, together with increased taxes on the Egyptians, who emerged in a peasant revolt in 832 during the time of Caliph al-Ma'mun. Local Egyptian governors gained rising autonomy, and in 870, governor Ahmad ibn Tulun declared Egypt's independence (though still under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph). As a symbol of this self-government, in 868 ibn Tulun founded yet another capital, al-Qatta'i, a little further north of al-‘Askar. The capital remained there until 905, until the city was shattered, and the administrative capital of Egypt then returned to al-Fusṭāṭ.

Al-Fusṭāṭ itself was destroyed by a vizier-ordered fire that burned from 1168 to 1169, at which time the capital shifted to almost al-Qāhirah (Cairo), where it has stayed to this day. Cairo's bounds grew to ultimately include the three earlier capitals of al-Fusṭāṭ, al-Qatta'i and al-‘Askar

Al-Askar

Al-‘Askar (Arabic: العسكر‎) was the capital of Egypt from 750-868, when the Abbasid caliphate was in power in Egypt. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641, Rashidun commander Amr ibn al-As established Fustat just north of Coptic Cairo. At Caliph Umar's request, the Egyptian capital was moved from Alexandria to the new city on the eastern side of the Nile.

The reach of the Umayyads was extensive, stretching from western Spain all the way to eastern China. However, they were overthrown by the Abbasids, who moved the capital of the Umayyad empire itself to Baghdad. In Egypt, this shift in power involved moving control from the Umayyad city of al-Fustat slightly north to the Abbasid city of al-‘Askar. Its full name was مدينة العسكري Madinatu l-‘Askari "City of Cantonments" or "City of Sections". Intended primarily as a city large enough to house an army, it was laid out in a grid pattern that could be easily subdivided into separate sections for various groups such as merchants and officers.

The peak of the Abbasid dynasty occurred during the reign of Harun al Rashid, along with increased taxes on the Egyptians, who rose up in a peasant revolt in 832 during the time of Caliph al-Ma'mun. Local Egyptian governors gained increasing autonomy, and in 870, governor Ahmad ibn Tulun declared Egypt's independence (though still under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph). As a symbol of this independence, in 868 ibn Tulun founded yet another capital, al-Qatta'i, slightly further north of al-‘Askar. The capital remained there until 905, until the city was destroyed, and the administrative capital of Egypt then returned to al-Fusṭāṭ.

Al-Fusṭāṭ itself was destroyed by a vizier-ordered fire that burned from 1168 to 1169, at which time the capital moved to nearly al-Qāhirah (Cairo), where it has remained to this day. Cairo's bounds grew to eventually encompass the three earlier capitals of al-Fusṭāṭ, al-Qatta'i and al-‘Askar, the remnants of which can today be seen in "Old Cairo" in the southern part of the city.

Askar (camp)

Askar (Arabic: مخيم عسكر‎) is a Palestinian refugee camp. It is located on the outskirts of the West Bank city of Nablus and was established in 1950 on 209 dunums of land. In 1960 the camp was expanded onto a further 90 dumums. Residents of the camp refer to this as “New Askar”.

According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, the camps registered population is 31,629. Food rations are distributed to approximately 2086 families.

During the 2000 Intifada and 2002 Israeli Defence Force (IDF) incursions, camps such as Askar were a source of considerable resistance from Palestinian gunmen. IDF incursions are still common in Askar refugee camp and are generally conducted for the purposes of interrogating individuals or arresting suspected militants who Israeli authorities consider to be affiliated with listed terrorist organisations.

The UNRWA has several installations in Askar refugee camp including schools and health clinics. However, in addition to these the camp has several of its own community centers including the Center of Peace and Development located in New Askar. International volunteer work camps are run at the center annually which are hosted by the An-Najah National University.

Askar

Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabiyyah or عربي/عربى ʿarabī ) is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book. This includes both the literary language (Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic, used in most written documents as well as in formal spoken occasions, such as lectures and radio broadcasts) and the spoken Arabic varieties, spoken in a wide arc of territory stretching across the Middle East and North Africa. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages, and also related to the South Semitic languages (e.g. Amharic in Ethiopia, Tigrinya in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Mehri in Yemen and Oman) and the extinct East Semitic languages (e.g. Akkadian, first attested nearly 5,000 years ago). The written language is distinct from and more conservative than all of the spoken varieties, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, used side-by-side for different societal functions.

Many of the spoken varieties are mutually unintelligible, and the varieties as a whole constitute a macrolanguage. This means that on purely linguistic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one language, but are commonly grouped together as a single language for political and/or ethnic reasons. If considered multiple languages, it is unclear how many languages there would be, as the spoken varieties form a dialect chain with no clear boundaries. If Arabic is considered a single language, it counts more than 200 million first language speakers (according to some estimates, as high as 280 million), more than that of any other Semitic language. If considered separate languages, the most-spoken variety would likely be Egyptian Arabic, with more than 50,000,000 native speakers — still greater than any other Semitic language.